Why the renewable target should be ramped up, not cut

Why the renewable target should be ramped up, not cut

The Conversation

It’s hard to predict which of Australia’s climate policies will survive, or perhaps even thrive, in the current parliament. But our research suggests that if the Abbott government wants to cut long-term power costs and risk to electricity consumers, it should consider ramping up rather than weakening the Renewable Energy Target (RET).

Recent UNSW modelling highlights that not only will renewable energy generation reduce greenhouse emissions, but it can also reduce the risks associated with high wholesale electricity costs from uncertain future gas price and carbon pricing policies here in Australia and Internationally.

Indeed, this modelling suggests that a much higher renewable penetration than currently legislated, let alone some of the watered down targets currently under discussion, could assist the Australian electricity industry to cope with an increasingly uncertain, and likely carbon constrained future world.

In particular, it is time to extend the discussion beyond RET costs and market impacts, to their potential contribution to reducing future risks for the electricity industry, and us all.

Future electricity industry uncertainties

The Australian electricity industry faces unprecedented uncertainty on many fronts. Key industry cost factors such as future domestic gas prices, electricity demand and climate policies are highly uncertain.

The completion of the major east-coast natural gas export facilities currently under construction will expose domestic gas prices to international gas markets,which are themselves highly uncertain looking forward. Meanwhile, embedded generation and demand-side technologies have upset long-term trends in demand growth.

And the past week in Canberra has highlighted the uncertainties facing carbon policy developments day to day, let alone looking forward over decades.

Recent preliminary RET modelling from consultants Acil Allen, commissioned by the government itself, suggested that maintaining the RET at its legislated target might increase overall industry costs by around A$12.8 billion in real terms, but would result in lower long-term wholesale electricity prices and household electricity bills.

Acil Allen did acknowledge a very important caveat in their modelling - there is inherent uncertainty in the wholesale electricity price outcomes that determine whether customer bills go up or down under different future renewable energy targets.

But, surprisingly, the consultants argued that the overall industry costs associated with the RET were relatively certain by comparison. Acil Allen suggested the key policy question was whether it was worth trading off these additional industry costs against the less certain and riskier wholesale price benefits associated with the RET.

In reality, there are major uncertainties in these “direct” costs looking forward over 15 years including new build capital costs, fuel costs, electricity demand growth and, in particular, carbon pricing.

Some of this is reflected in Acil Allen’s sensitivity analysis which included demand, fuel costs, capital costs and carbon price fluctuations. However, these represent a very limited perspective on major future uncertainties.

At what carbon price?

Acil Allen’s modelling assumes a zero carbon price in the reference policy scenarios with some sensitivity based around European Union carbon price permits of less than $10/ton of carbon dioxide and then climbing at 3% from 2021.

But separate modelling by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Australian Treasury, and International Energy Agency (IEA) suggests carbon prices at least five times higher to achieve effective action on climate change.

These uncertainties are also interdependent. Future gas prices seem almost certain to be influenced by future global carbon policies due to the lower emissions of gas compared to coal. Indeed, historical fossil fuel and carbon prices have exhibited considerable correlations in the EU and UK markets.

Renewables to reduce electricity costs and risks

Our modelling has attempted to explicitly incorporate the major uncertainties in future gas and carbon price and explore their implications for overall electricity industry costs.

The modelling examines different possible future generation portfolios by considering different renewable energy penetration scenarios in 2030, given highly uncertain future fuel prices, carbon pricing policy and electricity demand.

Based upon the government’s own projections for future gas and carbon prices, technology costs and demand, our modelling suggests that a renewable penetration of around 65%-75% in 2030 might actually offer the lowest overall industry costs and cost risks. This penetration is of course far in excess of the current target, which was legislated to achieve at least 20% renewable energy by 2020.

Our modelling, like all modelling, can only provide insights and guidance on challenging policy questions such as the future of renewables in Australia. However, our findings renewable generation can effectively mitigate cost risk associated with gas and carbon price uncertainty, with each addition of 10% renewable energy reducing this cost risk by an average of 20%.

So the additional cost of investing in renewable generation at present can be framed as an “insurance” or hedge against future extreme prices if and when the world becomes serious about addressing climate change.

Results of the modelling are shown in Figure 1 where standard deviation (SD) of costs represents cost risk.

Figure 1. Installed generation capacity, expected costs, standard deviation (SD) of generation costs (cost risk) and CO2 emissions of the least cost generation portfolio in each renewable penetration scenario. Percentages indicate the % of energy sourced from each technology. Aurthors, CC BY-NC-ND

Figure 2 shows the probability distribution for the lowest cost generation portfolio at each renewable penetration level considered where the width of the distribution represents the extent of cost risk.

Figure 2. Probability distribution of the generation cost for the least cost generation portfolio for each level of renewable penetration considered. Authors, CC BY-NC-ND

Investment in renewable generation is preferable to coal generation due to its high emissions, yet also to new investment in combined cycle gas turbines (CCGT), regardless of the future carbon price, due to the anticipated high and uncertain future gas prices.

Future generation portfolios with a large share of CCGT, and consequently far less renewables are likely to be exposed to considerable cost risk. CCGT plants are exposed to high and uncertain gas prices, and therefore play a small role in the lowest cost portfolios, in terms of both capacity and annual generation, even without a carbon price. This reflects the fact that baseload CCGT plants are of lesser value when bulk energy is being provided by variable renewables. Possible future carbon pricing only adds to these risks.

Modelling can play a key role in assisting policy makers and stakeholders to better understand their options, and their potential implications. However, with such high future uncertainty, it is vital that decision making takes into account the wide range of possible futures and the potential risks associated with particular policy decisions. And the RET review and its associated modelling could certainly benefit from better considering these questions.

It’s hard to predict which of Australia’s climate policies will survive, or perhaps even thrive, in the current parliament. But our research suggests that if the Abbott government wants to cut long-term…